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expanded shell
Heat Exchange With Shell And Tube Technology
Shell and tube heat exchangers, are a metal shell, with parallel tubes inside that are used to exchange heat between fluids. The heat transfer occurs between two fluids via the walls of the tubes. There are a large variety of designs of this type of heat exchange system that varies depending on the application. In all of the configurations for shell and tube heat exchangers, one fluid passes through the tubes, the tube side fluid, and the other passes through the shell, the shell side fluid. The type of designed that is employed determines the rate at which heat exchange occurs. We will attempt to give you a brief overview of how shell and tube heat exchanger systems work and which type might best suit your needs.
The fluids between which heat is exchanged are referred to as the tube side fluid and the shell side fluid.
Important components of a shell and tube heat exchanger, in addition to the obviously important tubes and shell, are the tube sheets, baffles, end channels for the tube side fluid, and inlet and outlet nozzles for both the shell side fluid and the tube side fluid. The purpose of the tube sheets is to keep the tubes in place and increase the efficiency of heat exchange by creating turbulence. The end channels distribute the tube side fluid and create either a transition to the outlet nozzle or a means to send the tube side fluid back to the other end of the heat exchanger.
There are two general classifications for this type of heat exchange system, namely straight tube and U-tube designs. Usually, tube sheets are in place to secure the position of the tubes and to baffle the flow of shell fluid. When an U-tube design is used, the fluid enters and exits the exchanger at the same end. This should serve as a guide to the primary difference in designs of shell & tube heat exchangers.
The other type of design is the straight tube exchanger. For ease of cleaning, a straight tube design is utilized and it works better for fluids that tend to clog the tubes and necessitate frequent cleaning. The U-tube heat exchanger works well if the two fluids have greatly different thermal expansion characteristics, because it can allow the tube and the shell to expand or contract independently.
In reference to the tube side fluid, the number of passes refers to the number of times the tube side fluid is redirected within the system prior to leaving via the exit nozzle. The most common designs of shell and tube heat exchangers utilize one, two, or four passes, however other designs can be custom made. With U-tube exchangers, the design is inherently two pass. For straight tube applications where a second pass is desired, an internal horizontal baffle is used to redirect the fluid for another pass.
The type of design that is utilized determines the coefficient of heat transfer and thus has an effect upon the surface are needed to obtain the desired level of heat exchange. The fluid flow in the heat exchange system is commonly a combinations of cross flow, counter flow and parallel flow. But, counter flow is the most efficient type of flow for minimizing the amount of surface area required to obtain effective heat exchange.
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